On the Gender Approach to the Study of the Napoleonic Wars
Gladyshev Andrey
The article is devoted to the review of the modern historiography of the Napoleonic Wars, in particular, those works that consider various aspects of women's participation in these wars. On the one hand, there are a lot of works devoted to women who served in the armies as soldiers or sutlers, accompanied the troops as wives, mistresses, prostitutes. The women accompanying the army could combine different functions in one person, so it is hardly worth talking about the functional “stability of groups”. On the other hand, there are numerous works devoted to the study of various phenomena related to women (travesty, mutual violence of military and civilian, the development of charity, the evolution of the understanding of citizenship and patriotism, women's perception of military conflicts, historical memory of national heroines, etc.). The variety of issues and research methods, the formation of new approaches, the active international cooperation of scientists demonstrate to the successful development of a gender approach in the military-historical anthropology of the Napoleonic Wars.
The study is sponsored by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 20-18-00113.
References:
Bolt V.S. Seksual'naya revolyuciya v imperii Napoleona: pro et contra (o knige Zh.O. Budona) // Francuzskij ezhegodnik 2021: Epidemii v istorii Francii. Moskva, 2021. S. 303–310.
Gladyshev A.V. Proshchal'nyj «dar» Velikoj armii: epidemiya tifa v Evrope 1813–1814 gg.) // Francuzskij ezhegodnik. 2021. Epidemii v istorii Francii. Moskva, 2021. S. 91–144.
Forrest A. Za kromkoj polya boya. Zhizn' voennyh vo vremena Revolyucionnyh i Napoleonovskih vojn. Moskva, 2021.
Chinyakov M.K. ZHenshchiny francuzskih legionov // Voprosy istorii. 2003. № 8. S. 112–122.
Aaslestad K.B. Patriotism in Practice: War and Gender Roles in Republican Hamburg, 1750–1815 // Gender, War and Politics: Transatlantic Perspectives, 1755–1830 / Еd. K.Hagemann, G. Mettele, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2010. Р. 227–246.
Aaslestad K. Republican Traditions: Patriotism, Gender, and War in Hamburg, 1770–1815 // Еuropean history quarterly. 2007. Т. 37. № 4. Р. 582–602.
Alesson J. Les femmes décorées et les femmes militaires. Paris, 1886.
Berthoud S.-H. Notice sur Geneviève Rétif, veuve Boiron, ancienne cantinière de la garde impériale. Paris, 1839.
Blond. G. La grande armée: 1804-1815. Paris, 1979.
Bottet M. Napoléon aux camps de Boulogne: la côte de fer et les flottilles. Paris, 1914;
Boudon J.-O. Le sexe sous l’Empire. Paris, 2019.
Brice R. La Femme et les armées de la Révolution et de l’Empire. Paris, 1913.
Bruyère-Ostells W. Les campagnes napoléoniennes au Portugal (1807-1811): de l’impossibilité de l’accommodement à la naissance de nouvelles représentations culturelles dans la population // Le temps des hommes doubles: Les arrangements face à l'occupation. De la Révolution française à la guerre de 1870 / Еd. A. Crépin, J.-F. Chanet, C. Windler. Rennes, 2013. Р. 247–259.
Cardoza T. «Habits Appropriate to Her Sex»: The Female Military Experience in France during the Age of Revolution // Gender, War and Politics. Transatlantic Perspectives, 1775–1830 / Еd. K. Hagemann, G. Mettele, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2010. P. 188–205.
Cardoza T. La belle Cantinière : Women in the French Army, 1789-1913 // Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Western Society for French History. 1995. Т. 22. Р. 45–54.
Cardoza T. Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army. Bloomington, 2010.
Conner S.P. Xaintrailles, Marie-Henriette Heiniken // Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women / Еd. R. Pennington, R. Highnam. 2 vol. New-York, 2003. T. 2. Р. 493–494.
Corrigan G. Wellington: A Military Life. London, 2006.
Cubero J. La femme et le soldat: viols et violences de guerre du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Paris, 2012.
Dekker R., Pol L., van, de. Frauen in Männerkleidern. Weibliche Transvestiten und ihre Geschichte. Berlin, 2012.
Dekker R., Pol L. van de. Republican Heroines. Cross dressing Women in the French Revolutionary Armies // History of European Ideas. 1989. № 10. Р. 353–363;
D'Ivray J. Une aventurière sous l'Empire: variété inédite. Paris, 1936.
Fiechter J.-J. L'amazone de napoléon Mémoires de Regula Engel. Morges, 1980.
Forrest A. Citizenship, Honour and Masculinity: Military Qualities under the French Revolution and Empire // Gender, War and Politics. Transatlantic Perspectives, 1775–1830 / Еd. K. Hagemann, G. Mettele, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2010. Р. 93–109.
Gil M. L’effacement de la cantinière ou la virilisation de l’armée française au XIXe siècle // Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle. 2005. № 30. Р. 13–31.
Goldstein J.S. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge, 2001.
Gullace N.F. Sexual Violence and Family Honor: British Propaganda and International Law during the First World War // The American Historical Review. 1997. Vol. 102. № 3. Р. 714–747.
Hagemann K. Introduction: Gender and the History of War – The Development of Research// Oxford Handbook of Gender, War and the Western World since 1600 / Еd. K. Hagemann, S. Dudink, S.O. Rose. Oxford, 2020. Р. 1–34.
Hagemann K. Female Patriots: Women, War and the Nation in the Period of the Prussian-German Anti-Napoleonic Wars // Gender History. 2004. Vol. 16(2). Р. 397–424.
Hagemann K. Mannlicher «Muth und teutsche Ehre»: Entwürfe von Nation, Krieg und Geschlecht in der Zeit der Antinapoleonischen Kriege Preußens. Paderborn, 2002.
Hagemann K. Of ‘‘Manly Valor’’ and ‘‘German Honor’’: Nation, War and Masculinity in the Age of the Prussian Uprising against Napoleon // Central European History. 1997. Vol. 30. Р. 187–220.
Hopkin D. The World Turned Upside Down: Female Soldiers in the French Armies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars // Soldiers, Citizens, Civilians. Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790–1820 / Еd. A. Forrest, K. Hagemann, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2009. P. 77–95.
Kimmer E. Company of Men: Cross-Dressed Women Around 1800. Detroit, 2004.
Lafon J.-M. Justices d’exception Napoléoniennes, Militaire et Civile, Dans l’Espagne Occupée: L’exemple de l’Andalousie (1810-1812) // Crime, Histoire & Sociétés. 2009. Т. 13. № 2. Р. 69–87.
Lafon J.-M. L’Andalousie et Napoléon. Contre-insurrection, collaboration et résistances dans le midi d’Espagne, 1808–1812. P., 2007.
Lafon J.-M. La première campagne d'Andalousie (mai-juillet 1808): violences confrontées, exacerbées, enfouies // Revue Historique des Armées. 2005. № 239. Р. 30–49.
Lafon J.-M. Les violences sexuelles en Espagne (1808-1814): ce que révèlent les témoignages. // Bulletin Hispanique. 2006. Т. 108. № 2. Р. 555–575.
Macleod E.V. ‘Thinking Minds of Both Sexes’: Patriotism, British Bluestockings and the Wars against Revolutionary America and France, 1775–1802 // Gender, War and Politics: Transatlantic Perspectives, 1755–1830 / Еd. K. Hagemann, G. Mettele, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2010. Р. 247–264.
Martin J.-C. Violences sexuelles, discours et histoire // Annales Histoire, Économie, Société. 1996. Т. 51. № 3. Р. 643–661.
Martin J.-C. Travestissements, impostures, et la communauté historienne: A propos des femmes soldats de la Révolution et de l’Empire // Politix. 2006. № 2 (74). Р. 31–48.
Masson F. Napoléon et les femmes. Paris, 1894.
Mentalités. Violences sexuelles / dir. A. Corbin. Paris, 1989.
Nicolaÿ F. Napoléon Ier au camp de Boulogne, d'après de nombreux documents inédits. Paris, 1906.
Nossintchouk R. L'extase et la blessure. Crimes et violences sexuelles de l’Antiquité à nos jours. Paris, 1993.
Oxford Handbook of Gender, War and the Western World since 1600 / Еd. K. Hagemann, S. Dudink, S.O. Rose. Oxford, 2020.
Parent-Duchatelet A. De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris, considérée sous le rapport de l'hygiène publique, de la morale et de l'administration: ouvrage appuyé de documens statistiques puisés dans les archives de la Préfecture de police. 2 vol. Paris, 1836.
Pelet J.J.G. Mémoire sur la campagne du Portugal (1810-1811). Paris, 2003.
Petiteau N. Pour une anthropologie historique des guerres de l’Empire // Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle. 2005. № 30. Р. 32–47.
Rendall J. Women Writing War and Empire: Gender, Poetry and Politics in Britain during the Napoleonic Wars // Gender, War and Politics: Transatlantic Perspectives, 1755–1830 / Еd. K.Hagemann, G. Mettele, J. Rendall. Basingstoke, 2010. Р. 265–283.
Richard А. Cantinières et vivandières françaises. Paris, 1896.
Saint-Elme I. Mémoires d'une contemporaine, ou Souvenirs d'une femme sur les principaux personnages de la République, du Consulat, de l’Empire, etc. 8 vol. Paris, 1827-1828.
Steinberg S. La confusion des sexes. Le travestissement de la Renaissance à la Révolution. Paris, 2001.
Tone J.L. A Dangerous Amazon: Agustina Zaragoza and the Spanish Revolutionary War, 1808–1814 // Еuropean history quarterly. 2007. Т. 37. № 4. Р. 548–561.
Vanistendael C. Shaping Europe’s First Dance Craze – The Role of Napoleon’s Grande Armée in the Dissemination of the Quadrille (1795–1815): Case Studies in Cultural Mobility from the Southern Netherlands // Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research. 2018. Т. 36. №. 1. Р. 91–111.
War: The anthropology of armed conflict and aggression / Еd. M. Fried, M. Harris, R. Murphy. New-York, 1967.
Weißbrich T. Weibliche Regimentschefs und Heldenjungfrauen. Frauen, Uniformen und Militär im Königreich Preußen // Perspektivweitung – Frauen und Männer machen Geschichte: Beiträge des zweiten Colloquiums in der Reihe „Kulturgeschichte Preußens - Colloquien“ vom 10 und 11 оktober 2014 / Hg. J. Luh, J. Klein. Berlin; Brandenburg, 2016.
Wheelwright J. Sisters in Arms: Female warriors from antiquity to the new millennium. London, 2020.
Wheelwright J. “Amazons and military maids:” An examination of female military heroines in British literature and the changing construction of gender // Women's Studies International Forum. 1987. Т. 10. № 5. Р. 489–502.
Wheelwright J. Amazons and Military Maids: Women Who Dressed as Men in the Pursuit of Life, Liberty and Happiness. London, 1989.
Wheelwright J. Women Soldiers. New-York, 1994.
Wilson K. Nelson’s Women: Female Masculinity and Body Politics in the French and Napoleonic Wars // European History Quarterly. 2007. Т. 37. № 4. Р. 562–581.
Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present / Еd. B.A. Cook. 2 vol. Santa Barbara, 2006.