Contemporary English-language historiography of the occupation of France in 1815–1818
Eremin Vladimir
The article is devoted to a review of the modern American and British historiography of the Occupation of France, 1815-1818. The main focus is on the works published in the last thirty years by historians from the United States, Great Britain, as well as Canada and Australia. It is noted that the initial interest of researchers in the study of the occupation lay in the field of traditional military history. Subsequently, the thematic and methodological field of research was significantly expanded: historians turned to the analysis of international relations, the economic consequences of the Napoleonic wars, the mutual perception of combatants and civilians, a change in ideas about the essence and purpose of the occupation. This process was accompanied by the expansion of the source base for research. All this allows us to speak about a combination of classical approaches and new turns in the study of this phenomenon: the military history of the army is considered in the context of the history of everyday life, the history of consciousness, etc. Despite this, it is too early to talk about a comprehensive study of the problem. The occupation of France by the allied forces was subjected to a comprehensive analysis mainly in the works of American historians T.D. Veve and Ch. Haynes. At the same time, some issues still need in-depth study. In particular, the specifics of the organization of the occupation in various departments of France, the relationship and mutual perception of the occupiers and the occupied at different levels require more detailed consideration. In addition, the analysis of a number of sources is still of considerable research interest.
The study is sponsored by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 20-18-00113.
References:
Armies of Occupation / Ed by Prete R.A., Ion A. H. Waterloo, 1984.
Benvenisti E. The International Law of Occupation. Oxford, 2012.
Chew III, W.L. Paris, Second Treaty of (20 November 1815) // The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History / Ed. by G. Fremont-Barnes. Vol. 2. Santa-Barbara, Denver, Oxford, 2006. P. 738–740.
Davidson D., Haynes Ch., Heuer J. Ending War: Revisiting the Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars // The Journal of Military History. 2016. № 80. P. 11–30.
Davies H.J. Wellington's wars: the making of a military genius. New Haven, London, 2012.
Duarte M.T. Influences on Anglo-French relations, 1814–1818. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Milwaukee, 1997.
Garston J. Armies of Occupation, Part I: The British in France 1815‑1818 // History Today. 1961. Vol. 11. № 6. URL: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/armies-occupation-part-i-british-france-1815-1818 (Дата обращения: 09.06.2020 г.).
Garston J. Armies of Occupation: Part II: The British in Germany 1918‑1929 // History Today. 1961. Vol. 11. № 7. URL: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/armies-occupation-part-ii-british-germany-1918-1929 (Дата обращения: 09.06.2020 г.).
Graaf, de B. An Imperial Affair: The Allied Council of Ambassadors and the Occupation of France, 1815–1818 // A History of the European Restorations. Volume One: Governments, States and Monarchy / Ed. by M. Broers, A.A. Caiani. London, 2019. P. 39–51.
Graaf, de B. The Allied Machine. The Conference of Ministers in Paris and The Management of Security 1815 // Securing Europe after Napoleon: 1815 and the New European Security Culture. / Ed. by B. De Graaf, I. de Haan, and B. Vick. Cambridge, 2019. P. 130–149.
Graaf, de B. Fighting Terror after Napoleon: How Europe Became Secure after 1815. Cambridge, New York, 2020.
Greenfield J. Financing a new order: the payment of reparations by Restoration France, 1817–18 // French History. 2016. Vol. 30. Issue 3. P. 376–400;
Grodzinski Jh.R. The War of 1812: an annotated bibliography. New York, 2008.
Grodzinski Jh.R. British Regiments of the War of 1812 and the Anglo-Allied Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818 // The War of 1812 Magazine. 2014. Issue 22. URL: https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/Warof1812/2014/Issue22/03ArmyofOcc.pdf (Дата обращения 29.08.2020);
Grodzinski Jh.R. The 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot in the War of 1812. Fredericton, New Brunswick, 2014.
Haynes Ch. Des alliés aux ennemis: le rôle des forces de la Tierce Allemagne dans les occupations du territoire français (1814 et 1815-1818) // Revue d'Allemagne. 2015. Vol. 47. № 1. P. 163–175.
Haynes Ch. Making Peace: The Allied Occupation of France, 1815–1818 // War, Demobilization and Memory: The Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions / Ed. M. Rowe, K. Hagemann, and A. Forrest. Basingstoke, 2016. Р. 51–67.
Haynes Ch. Remembering and Forgetting the First Modern Occupations of France // The Journal of Modern History. 2016. № 88. P. 535–571.
Haynes Ch. Our Friends the Enemies : The Occupation of France After Napoleon. Cambridge, 2018.
Haynes Сh. The Battle of the Mountains: Repatriating Folly in France in the Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars // Historical Reflections. 2018. Vol. 44. № 3. P. 50–70.
Hopkin D.M. Soldier and Peasant in French Popular Culture, 1766–1870. Rochester, 2003. P. 275.
Hopkin D. Legends of the Allied Invasions and Occupations of Eastern France, 1792–1815 // The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 / Ed. by A. Forrest, P. Wilson. Basingstoke, 2008. P. 214–233.
Horn J. The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1830. Cambridge, London, 2006.
Jarrett M. The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon. London, New York, 2013.
Linch K. Britain and Wellington’s Army Recruitment, Society and Tradition, 1807–15. Basingstoke, 2011.
McGuigan R. Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France, 1815 // The Napoleon Series. – URL: https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/1815/c_Anglo-Allies1815.html (дата обращения: 04.08.2020).
Mikaberidze A. The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History. New York, 2020.
Muir R. Wellington. Waterloo and the fortunes of peace 1814-1852. New Haven, 2015.
Nabulsi K. Traditions of War: Occupation, Resistance and the Law. Oxford, 2005.
Neff S.C. War and the Law of Nations: A General History. Cambridge, 2005.
Nicolle A. The Problem of Reparations after the Hundred Days // The Journal of Modern History. 1953. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 343–354.
Reynolds L. There John Bull might be seen in all his glory: cross-Channel tourism and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818 // Journal of Tourism History. 2020. Vol. 12. Issue 3. P. 139-155.
Ross S.T. The Duke of Wellington and the army of occupation in France, 1815-1818 by Thomas Dwight Veve // Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 1993. Vol. 25. № 3. P. 512–514.
Schroeder P.W. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford, 1994.
Securing Europe after Napoleon: 1815 and the New European Security Culture / Ed. by B. De Graaf, I. de Haan, and B. Vick. Cambridge, 2019.
Sluga G. “Who Hold the Balance of the World?” Bankers at the Congress of Vienna, and in International History // The American Historical Review. 2017. Vol. 122. Issue 5. P. 1403–1430.
Stirk P.M.R. The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh, 2009.
Stirk P.M.R. The concept of military occupation in the era of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars // Comparative Legal History. 2015. Vol. 3. № 1. P. 77–80.
Stirk P.M.R. History of Military Occupation from 1792 to 1914. Edinburgh, 2016.
Thompson V.E. Foreign bodies: British travel to Paris and the troubled national self, 1789–1830 // Studies in Travel Writing. 2011. Vol. 15. № 3. P. 243–265.
Thoral M.-C. From Valmy to Waterloo. France at War, 1792–1815. Basingstoke, 2011.
Veve Th. Wellington and the Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818 // The International history review. 1989. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 98–108;
Veve Th. The Duke of Wellington and the Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818. A Dissertation Submitted to the Marquette University Graduate School in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Milwaukee, 1990.
Veve Th. The Duke of Wellington and the Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818. Westport, London, 1992.
Veve Th. Quadruple Alliance (20 November 1815) // The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 2. Santa-Barbara, Denver, Oxford, 2006. P. 798–799.
Vick B.E. The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon. Cambridge, London, 2014.
White E.N. Making the French pay: The costs and consequences of the Napoleonic reparations // European Review of Economic History. 2001. Vol. 5. № 3. P. 337-365.
Zamoyski A. Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. London, 2008.
Braujer Ju., Tujl', van H. Zamki, bitvy i bomby. Kak jekonomika objasnjaet voennuju istoriju. Moskva, 2016.
Gladyshev A.V. 1814 god: «Varvary Severa» imejut chest' privetstvovat' francuzov. Moskva, 2018.
Gladyshev A.V. Antropologicheskij povorot v voennoj istorii // Dialog so vremenem. 2017. T. 59. S. 136–150.
Gladyshev A.V. Okkupacija kak predmet voenno-antropologicheskih issledovanij // Francuzskij ezhegodnik. 2018: Mezhkul'turnye kontakty v period inostrannoj okkupacii. Moskva, 2018. S. 11–21.
Konrad S. Chto takoe global'naja istorija? Moskva, 2018.
Senjavskaja E.S. Voenno-istoricheskaja antropologija kak nova otrasl' istoricheskoj nauki // Voenno-istoricheskaja antropologija. Ezhegodnik, 2002. Predmet, zadachi, perspektivy razvitija. Moskva, 2002. S. 5–22.
Francuzskij ezhegodnik. 2018: Mezhkul'turnye kontakty v period inostrannoj okkupacii. Moskva, 2018.
Tchoudinov A.V. Zabytaja armija. Francuzy v Egipte posle Bonaparta. 1799-1800. Moskva, 2019.