The colonization of Algeria had an important influence on French politics, culture and the economy during the nineteenth century. This article proposes examining France as a Trans-Mediterranean society characterized by both national and colonial elements. It attempts to question boundaries between nation-state and empire by focusing on the multiple and competing national imaginaries that often shaped understandings of France in an age of imperialism. Trans-Mediterranean France constituted one means of conceptualizing a national-imperial community and provides a framework for assessing French history as well as analyzing current issues relevant to identity politics and multiculturalism today.